The primary objective of this paper is to serve as a background document for the 26th Regional Conference for Africa. It synthesizes the work already ongoing in FAO and other key players by reviewing the current state of knowledge on the vulnerability, impact and adaptation of African agriculture and natural resources to climate change. It presents a summary of the key issues and challenges that climate change will bring to African food security and indicates potential steps that need to be taken by African governments in order for agriculture to adapt to the climate change challenge.