On 2 February 2008, a force of around 4,000
fighters from the three main rebel groups in Chad-Union des forces pour
la démo cratie et le développement (UFDD), UFDD-Fondamentale (UFDD/F),
and Rassemblement des forces pour le changement (RFC)- reached the Chadian
capital, N'Djamena. Supported by Khartoum, they had come from West Darfur
less than a week before, crossing the border around Adé, south of El Geneina.
They had then driven quickly towards the capital, avoiding the government
forces concentrated in the east and finally coming up against them around
Massaguett, only 50 kilometres northeast of N'Djamena, on 1 February. After
an hour of fighting, the Chadian Army, and President Idriss Déby himself,
had to retreat to N'Djamena. After 17 years in power, Déby's regime was
thought lost by many people in the rebel and government forces, the civilian
population, and the international community. But he and his forces held
out, thanks largely to his superior arsenal, including tanks and helicopters.
The attack represented perhaps the lowest point so far in the deepening
Chad-Darfur crisis, the root causes of which persist. President Déby has
faced insurrections almost since the day he came to power in 1990. But
these rebellions have become more organized and stronger in recent years,
due in part to assistance from Khartoum. Predictably, Chad has retaliated
by becoming increasingly involved in the Darfur conflict. Echoes of Darfur
have since emerged in eastern Chad: following the arrival of more than
200,000 Sudanese refugees, janjawid militia similar to those in Darfur
contributed to the displacement of a further 170,000 Chadians in 2005 and
2006. An additional 30,000 Chadian refugees have fled back across the border
into Darfur.(1)
Deepening Chadian instability is connected to complex interlocking factors arising in both Chad and Sudan at local and national levels. These include localized ethnic conflicts exploited by the Déby regime; long-standing Chadian opposition to Déby's repressive administration and the slow pace of democratization; and the use of armed proxies by both Khartoum and N'Djamena.
This Issue Brief describes the evolution of the current crisis. Recent developments only make sense when cast against ethnic and political power struggles in Chad and Sudan that date back to the 1990s. The Brief also considers in particular the emergence of rebel groups and proxy militias since the end of 2005, and the many challenges facing the deployment of United Nations-African Union and European Union peacekeepers.
The Issue Brief finds that:
- Proxy forces supported by both N'Djamena and Khartoum are increasingly beyond the control of their masters, and pose serious risks to both. These militias are integrated into local ethnic and political conflicts, and limit the capacity of Chad, Sudan, or the international community to stabilize the region.
- The on-again, off-again Chadian rebellion has flared up since the failed October 2007 peace deal between Déby's regime and the principle Chadian rebel groups. The Sudan-supported attack on N'Djamena, and the bombing campaign waged by Chadian forces against Chadian rebel bases inside Darfur, have placed further pressure on fragile Khartoum-N'Djamena relations.
- Threats by the main Chadian rebel groups against the deployment of peacekeepers, together with confusion over the peacekeeping mandate and the roles and responsibilities of contributed troops, raises the likelihood of violence and insecurity, and places humanitarian operations in jeopardy.
- Though largely ignored by the international community, bilateral diplomacy and international pressure are essential to restoring security to Chad.
Note:
(1)UNHCR(2007)