Journal of Humanitarian Assistance
Posted 6 May 1996

The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience

Study 3 Humanitarian Aid and Effects

by Core Team (ODI, London, UK)
John Borton: Team Leader, Research Fellow
Emery Brusset: UN and Coordination Specialist, Research Associate
Alistair Hallam: Economist, Research Associate

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
Chapter1. Methods Employed by the Study

• Design of the study and composition of team
• Methods employed
• Difficulties encountered

Chapter 2. Overview of the Emergency and the Response

Part I

• Introduction
• Principal elements of the crisis and the response
• Humanitarian activities before April 1994
• Operations in and around Kigali
• The Ngara/Karagwe influx
• Cross-border operations from Uganda
• The Goma influx

Part II

• The Bukavu influx
• Humanitarian activities in the south and west of Rwanda (April-December)
• Humanitarian activities in the rest of Rwanda after July 1994
  

Chapter 3. Assessment of Performance: Security, Physical Protection and Military Support

Part I

• The critical failure: not preventing the genocide
• Insecurity and its effect upon the provision of humanitarian assistance
• The role of foreign military contingents: an overview
• The provision of security and physical protection by military contingents
• The provision of relief assistance and support to relief agencies by military contingents

Part II

• General points on the role of the military in the provision of relief assistance and support to relief operations
• Service packages: a beneficial innovation?
  

Chapter 4. Assessment of Performance: Health, Water and Sanitation

Part I

• Morbidity and mortality
• Cholera outbreaks during the emergency
• Provision of water and sanitation in Goma
• Treatment of cholera cases in Goma
• Could cholera have been prevented or the fatality rate reduced?

Part II

• Dysentery
• Other diseases
• Programmes for unaccompanied children
  

Chapter 5. Assessment of Performance: Logistics, Food Supply and Feeding Programmes

Part I

• Introduction
• Food logistics: the regional perspective
• Food logistics: performance in relation to needs
• Appropriateness of the rations
• Appropriateness and effectiveness of food distribution systems within the camps

Part II

• Selective feeding programmes
• Assessment of the airlift operations
• Cost-effectiveness and logistics
• Estimating the number of refugees and IDPs
  

Chapter 6. Assessment of Performance: Resourcing, Preparedness Measures and Coordination (in 4 parts)

• Resourcing the operations
• Preparedness, contingency planning and the build-up to the Goma influx
• Coordination
• Endnotes
  

Chapter 7. Assessment of Performance: Taking Account of the Views of Beneficiaries and Mitigating the Impact on Host Communities.

• Introduction
• Taking account of the views of beneficiaries
• An account of impacts
• Assessment of efforts to mitigate the impact
  

Chapter 8. Cross-Cutting Issues

• Introduction
• Capacity problems
• Visibility and the role of the media
• Too many NGOs?
• Information and mechanisms for ensuring accountability
  

Chapter 9. Findings and Recommendations

Abbreviations

Figures [to be published later}

Figure 1 Contributions from the main bilateral and multilateral donors ($m.)
Figure 2 Allocation of aid by country during 1994 (in percentage)
Figure 3 Breakdown of allocations by agency/type of agency during 1994
Figure 4 Approximate location of RPF/FAR front line, September 1993 to July 1994
Figure 5 Location of refugee camps in Ngara district (Tanzania)
Figure 6 Graph showing growth in refugee populations in Ngara and Karagwe districts
Figure 7 Camps in the Goma area
Figure 8 Location of the camps in the Bukavu area
Figure 9 On-the-ground presence of third party military contingents in Rwanda and Goma, 1994
Figure 10 Airlift flights to Goma, Bukavu and Kigali by category of carrier and cargo
Figure 11 Principal causes of death
Figure 12 Total treated water delivered to refugees in North Kivu (14 July-12 August 1994)
Figure 13 Number of bodies collected and diarrhoea cases reported, North Lake region, 21 July-13 August
Figure 14 Map of East Africa showing principal overland transport routes used during the response
Figure 15 Food aid to Rwanda by supply source, April-December 1994
Figure 16 Food aid to Goma (Zaire) by supply source, July-December 1994
Figure 17 Food aid to Bukavu (Zaire) by supply source, August-December 1994
Figure 18 Food aid to Ngara (Tanzania) by supply source, April-December 1994
Figure 19 Food aid to Karagwe (Tanzania) by supply source, April-December 1994
Figure 20 Cereal distributions to refugees in Zaire and Tanzania from date of influx to end-1994
Figure 21 Levels and ranges of malnutrition - recorded in nutritional surveys conducted
during 1994 and early 1995 in refugee and IDP camps
Figure 22 Total WFP rail cargoes ex-Dar-es-Salaam
Figure 23 DHA Financial Tracking System (FTS) record of expenditures by month in 1994
Figure 24 UK ODA_funding approvals by month, 1994
Figure 25 UK_Disaster Emergency Committee (DEC) income by month, 1994
Figure 26 International print media coverage of Rwanda in 1994

Administrative/Secretarial Support: Laura Jackson, Nathalie Shellard, Amanda Welch

Technical Specialists
Steve Collins: Health Specialist; Freelance/Centre for International Child Health, London, UK
Johan Pottier: Anthropologist; School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK
Danielle de Lame: Anthropologist; Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
Andrew Chalinder: Water and Sanitation Specialist; Freelance, Botswana
Jeremy Shoham: Nutritionist; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Lisa Lee: Epidemiologist; US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
Richard Connaughton: Military/Protection Specialist; Freelance/University of Lancaster
Torben Ishøy: Health/Military Specialist; Danish Armed Forces
John Telford: Field/Airlift Logistics Specialist; EMMA Ltd, Ireland
Franz Goetz: Transport Economist; STEP International, Rome, Italy
Gill Shepherd: Environment/Fuelwood Specialist; Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
Lindsey Hilsum: Freelance Journalist/BBC, London, UK
Bruce Jones: Research Assistant/Media; London School of Economics, London, UK
David Turton: Advisory/Editorial Assistance; Department of Anthropology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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