Journal of Humanitarian Assistance
1. Interviews
The team leaders (Adelman and Suhrke) interviewed officials of the following organizations/agencies:
United Nations/New York
The Secretariat, Department of Humanitarian Affairs, Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Department of Political Affairs.
The Security Council, national delegations or observers from: the United States, France, Nigeria, New Zealand, Canada, Sweden, Norway
UNDP, UNICEF, UNHCR
United Nations/Geneva
High Commissioner for Human Rights
Center for Human Rights
National delegations to the Commission on Human Rights from Finland and Norway
UNHCR
DHA
United Nations/Kigali
UNREO
United Nations /Nairobi
UNHCR
OAU
The Secretariat (Addis Ababa), ex-Military Observer Team in Rwanda, OAU/Kigali
UNAMIR
Former Force Commander and Deputy Force Commander
Members of the diplomatic corps, Kigali 1990-94; participants/observers at Arusha from:
Belgium, Canada, France, the United States, Tanzania, the Vatican, and the OAU
EU/Commission, DG-VIII
NGOs
Médecins sans frontières
Africa Watch
US Committee for Refugees
ICRC Geneva
National actors
The United States:
U.S. Congress, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, National Security Council, CIA,
Department of State, Department of Defense
Canada
Department of External Affairs, CIDA
France
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Cooperation
Ministry of Finance
Tanzania
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Uganda
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Rwanda
Office of the President, Office of the Vice-President, the Ministry of Rehabilitation, the Secretariat of the RPF.
2. Bibliography
A: Books, articles and unpublished papers
Adam, Absalom M. (1994) "Early Warning and Conflict Resolution" (Review Article) in Refuge. Vol. 14, No. 4 _(August-September): 15-17.
Adekanye, J. Bayo (1995) "Rwanda/Burundi: 'Uni-Ethnic' Dominance and the Cycle of Armed Ethnic Formations". _Oslo, Norway: International Peace Research Institute.
African Rights (1994)
Alker, Hayward R., Ted R. Gurr and Kumar Rupesinghe. (1995) Conflict Early Warning Systems: An Initial Research Program. Paper, International Studies Association, Chicago: February 21-24.
Amnesty International (1992) World Conference on Human Rights: "Facing Up to the Failures: Proposals for Improving the Protection of Human Rights by the United Nations". December.
Bayart, Jean-François (1994) "Meurtres sous pavillon français" in La Croix (May 23).----(1994).
La politique africaine de François Mitterand. Paris: ed. Karthala.
Braeckman, Colette (1994) Rwanda. Histoire d'un génocide. Fayard.
Brauman, Rony (1995) Rwanda. Devant le mal. Paris.
Bryden, Michael (1995) "Somalia: The Wages of Failure", Current History. Vol. 94, No. 591: 145-151.
Burkhalter, Holly J. (1994/5)
Callamard, Agnes (1995) French Policy towards Rwanda. Toronto: Report prepared for Study II.
The Carter Center of Emory University (1992) State of the World Conflict Report. Georgia: International Negotiation Network (1991-1992).
Childers, Erskine and Brian Urquhart (1992) "Towards a more effective United Nations," Development Dialogue. 1-2. Uppsala.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (1993) "Rwanda: 'Hutus modérés' ou Hutu power? Note sur l'enjeu politique au Rwanda, en date du 8 Mars 1993 à l'occasion de la présentation du rapport de la mission de la Fédération Internationale des Droits de l'Homme au Rwanda.
Cohen, Herman J. (1993) Africa and the United Nations "Agenda for Peace", unpublished paper. Washington, D.C.
Connaughton, R.M. (1995) Military Support and Protection for Humanitarian Assistance. Rwanda, April - December 1994. London: Report prepared for Study III.
de Moal, Yvon (1994) Promotion of Human Security in Rwanda. Unpublished paper, Kigali.
de Waal, Alex and Rakiya Omaar (1995) "The Genocide in Rwanda and the International Response," Current History. Vol. 94, No. 591: 156-161.
Destexhe, Alain (1994) Rwanda: essai sur le génocide. Paris: Ed. Complexe.
Durch, William J. (1995) "Structural Issues and the Future of UN Peace Operations," in D.C.F. Daniel and B.C. Hayes (eds.) Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping. New York: St. Martin's Press.
----(1993) The Evolution of Peacekeeping. New York, St. Martin's Press.
Erny, Pierre (1994) Rwanda 1994. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Gachuruzi, Shally B. (1995) The Role of Zaire in the Rwandan Conflict. Toronto: Report prepared for Study II.
Gasana, James K. (1995) "La guerre, la paix et la démocatie au Rwanda," in André Guicahaou, (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993-94). Paris: Karthala/Université de Lille: 435-447.
Gattegno, Hervé (1990) "L'armée française dans le piège rwandais," Le Monde, 22 September 1990, in Guichaoua (1995).
Ghali, Boutros Boutros (1992) An Agenda for Peace. New York: The United Nations.
Guichaoua, André (ed.) (1995) Les Crises Politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda, 1993-94. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille.
Guilmette, Jean H. (1995) Beyond emergency assistance. Early Warning, conflict prevention and decision-making. _Ottawa: CIDA. Unpublished paper.
Gurr, Ted Robert and Barbara Harff (eds.) (1994) "Early Warning of Communal Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises" in The Journal of Ethno-Development (special ed). Vol. 4, No. 1.
Halvorsen, Kate (1995) Refuge camps in Zaire: Security and Humanitarian Issues. Bergen: Report prepared for Study II.
Hanrahan, M.E. (1994) Rwanda: An Introduction. Prepared for Canadian Peacekeeping Mission to Rwanda.
Human Rights Watch, Africa (1994)
Human Rights Watch Arms Project (1994)
Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (1993-1994) Peace Builder. Vol. 1, No. 2-3.
International Alert (1995)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1994) "Under the Volcanoes: Special Focus on the Rwandan Refugee Crisis," in _World Disasters Report. Geneva.
International Organization for Migration (1995) Executive Summary of IOM's Programming in Rwanda (January).
ICRC. International Committee of the Red Cross (1994)
Special issue on Rwanda. ed. David Newbury. The African Studies Association, Vol. XXIII/2.
Johansson, Peik (1995) International Press Coverage of the Rwanda Conflict. Helsinki: Report prepared for Study II.
Jones, Bruce (1995) The Arusha Process. London: Report prepared for Study II.
----(1995a)
Refugee camps in Zaire: Security issues. London: Report prepared for Study II.
Kent, Randolph (1995)
Khiddu-Makubuya, E. (1993) The Legal Condition of the Refugee: National Report for Uganda. Unpublished paper, Kampala.
----(1994)
"Voluntary Repatriation by Force. The case of Rwandan Refugees in Uganda" in H. Adelman and Sorensen (eds.) African Refugees. Boulder: Westview: 143-158.
Knight, Andy W. (1995) Recommendations of the Core Working Group for the Canadian Government on Developing a Rapid Reaction Capability for the UN system.. 20p.
Krop, Pascal(1994) Le génocide franco-american: faut-il juger les Mitterand? Paris: Jean-Claude Lattes.
LaRose-Edwards, Paul (1994) The Rwandan Crisis of April 1994. The lessons learned. Ottawa. Department of Foreign Affairs
and International Trade.
Legum, Colin (1994) "A second, possibly greater tragedy waiting to happen, three months between now and renewed genocide" in Third World Reports. London: December 17.
Lemarchand, René (1995) "Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide." Unpublished paper.
Linden, Ian (1994) The Genocide in Rwanda. Upublished paper. London: Catholic Institute of
International Relations.
Livingston, Steven and Todd Eachus (1995) U.S. Television Coverage of Rwanda. Washington: Report prepared for Study II.
Longman, Timothy Paul (1993) Christianity and Democratization in Rwanda: Assessing Church Responses to Political Crisis in the 1990s. Paper presented at conference on Christianity and Democratization in Africa, University of Leeds, September.
Lucas, C. Payne and Donald M. Payne (1994) Report to the President of the United States: U.S. Delegation to Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire. August 26-31.
Lægreid, Turid (1995) Mismanaging the Rwanda Tragedy. Oslo: Report prepared for Study II.
Makinda, Samuel M. (1993) Seeking Peace from Chaos: Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia. London: Lynne Rienner.
Marks, Edward and William Lewis (1994) Triage for Failing States. National Defense University: Institute for National Strategic Studies. Washington, D.C.
McCormick, Shawn H. (1995) "The Lessons of Intervention in Africa," Current History. Vol. 94, No. 591: 162-6.
Minear, Larry, Thomas G. Weiss, and Kurt M. Campbell (1991) Humanitarianism and War: Learning the Lessons from Recent Armed Conflicts.
Providence, R. I: Brown University. Neack, Laura (1995) "UN Peace-keeping: In the Interest of Community or Self?" Journal of Peace Research, _Vol. 32, No. 2: 181-196.
Pottier, Johan (1995) Rwandan Refugee Camps in Zaire. London. Report prepared for Study III.
Prunier, Gérard (1995) The Rwandese Crisis (1959-1994). London: C. Hurst & Co.
----(1995a)
Opération Turquoise. Paris: Report prepared for Study II.
----(1994)
"La crise Rwandaise: Structures et déroulement," in Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2-3.
Renard, Robrecht and Filip Reyntjens (1995) "Aid and Conditionality: The Case of Belgium, with Particular Reference to Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire," in Olav Stokke (ed.). Aid and Political Conditionality. London: Frank Cass.
Reyntjens, Filip (1994) L'Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise. Rwanda, Burundi: 1988-1994. Paris: Ed. Karthala.
Roberts, Adam (1993) "Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights," International Affairs. Vol. 69, No. 3: 429-449.
Rosner, Jeremy (1995) The New Tug-of-War. Congress, the Executive Branch and National Security. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment.
Ruzindana, Augustine (1994) "Banyarwanda must be protected," The New Vision (August 17): 13.
Rwandan Churches (1993) "Réunion sur la récherche d'une paix durable au Rwanda." Report. Mombasa 27-30 November.
Sesay, Max Ahmadu (1995) "Collective Security or Disaster? Regional Peace-Keeping in West Africa," in _Security Dialogue, Vol. 26, No 2.
Smouts, Marie-Claude (1995) "The Meanings of Violence and Its Role in Legitimation," in Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 39, Suppl. 1: 111-115.
Speth, James Gustave (1994) Africa: Conflict Prevention and New Development Initiatives. New York: The African-American Institute, May 24. 9p.
Tekle, Amare (1995) The OAU and Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution. Asmara: Report prepared for Study II.
U.S. Committee for Refugees (1994) A Selected Chronology of the Rwanda Crisis, April 5 to September 30, 1994.
----(1994)
Genocide in Rwanda. Documentation of Two Massacres during April 1994.
United States Institute of Peace (1994) Rwanda: Accountability for War Crimes and Genocide: A Report on a United States Institute of Peace Conference. Washington, D.C.
----(1995)
The U.S. Contribution to Conflict Prevention, Management, and Resolution in Africa.
Washington, D.C.
Verschave, François-Xavier (1994) Complicité de génocide? La politique de la France au Rwanda.Paris: La Découverte.
Watson, Catherine (1991) Exile from Rwanda. Background to an Invasion. Washington D.C.: U.S. Committee for Refugees.
William, Jean-Claude (1995) "La Belgique et le 'Muyaga' des Grand Lacs," in André Guicahaou, (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993-94). Paris: Karthala/Université de Lille: 435-447.
World Bank (1995) Rwanda.
3. UN documents
DHA
Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Persons Affected by the Crisis in Rwanda. Volume 1: The Rwanda Perspective. January-December 1995.
Report on the Coordination of Humanitarian Activities in Rwanda. New York: November 1994.
UNREO, Kigali: Updates: Kigali, April, 1994.
DPKO
Improving Preparedness for Peace-keeping in Africa: An Informal Note. March 1995.
Peacekeeping. 1995.
UN Commission on Human Rights
Report on the situation of human rights in Rwanda submitted by Mr. R. Degni-Ségui, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, 25 May 199,. with add. E/CN. 4/1994/7/Add. 1, 11 August 1993; E/CN. 4/199570, 11 November 1994; E/CN. 4/1995/71, 17 January 1995.
The General Assembly
Administrative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operation. Report of the Secretary-General. May 1994.
Financing of the United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda. Financing of the United Nations Assistance Mission or Rwanda. March 6 1995.
UNHCR:
95/FRS/A/04 (9 February 1995)
Situation Reports, Zaire, June-August 1994.
The Security Council
Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of the Commission of Experts, 26 July 1994.
Second Report of the Secretary-General on Security in the Rwandese Refugee Camps, 25 January 1995.
The Security Council, Provisional Verbatim Records of Meetings
S/PV. 3377(1994), 3368(1994)
Reports of the Secretary-General
S/1993/25810, S/1993/26488, S/1993/26927, S/1994/360, S/1994/565, S/1994/640, S/1994/470
Letters from the Secretary-General to the Security Council
April 13,1994; S/1994/518; S/1994/518
Letters from member states to the Security Council
4 March 1993 (from Rwanda), 13 April 1994 (from Belgium), S/1994/531, S/1994/552, S/1994/553, S/1994/586, S/1994/648
Statements by the President of the Security Council
S/PRST/1993/264, S/PRST/1994/21
Resolutions of the Security Council
812 (1993), 846 (1993), 872 (1993), 891 (1993), draft res. S/25981 (1993), 912 (1994), 918 (1994), 925 (1994)
Statements by the Secretary-General
SG/SM/5280 (1994), SG/SM/5289 (1994), SG/SM/5292
Issued as UN Documents
The Arusha Accords, 1993.
Status of Forces Agreements between the United Nations, Rwanda and (for UNOMUR) Uganda, 1993.
4. Other official documents
France
Opération Turquoise, Rwanda, June 22 - August 22. Briefing paper.
Opération Turquoise au Rwanda. Statement by General Lafourcade. Geneva 28 February 1995.
The Netherlands
Humanitarian Aid between Conflict and Development. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, 1993.
Rwanda
Letter from the President to M. Boniface Ngulinzira, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Kigali (26 December 1992).
Letter from the Prime Minister to the Minister of Defense. Distribution illégale des armes à la population civile. Kigali (25 Mars 1993).
Mission Permanente de la République Rwandaise Aupres des Nations Unies. _Allocation prononcée par son excellence le General-Major Habyarimana Juvenal, President _de la République Rwandaise devant la 48ème session de l'Assemblée General des Nations Unies. New York 6 October 1993.
Discours prononcé par le President de la Republique à l'occasion de la presentation du pro gramme gouvernemental pour le mandat 1989-1994. Kigali, 15 January, 1989.
Rwandese Patriotic Front. Press Releases: November 1991; March, August, October, November 1992; March 1993; April 1994.
République Rwandaise Services du Premier Ministre, Comité de Crise pour les Deplacés de Guerre. Evaluation des besoins des déplacés de guerre du Rwanda. Dossiers Preparatoires._Kigali, April 1993.
Rwandese Patriotic Front. Repatriation of Rwandese Refugees and Assistance to War Displaced Persons in Rwanda. Rwandese Patriotic Front statement to the 44th session of the Executive Committee of UNHCR, October 4-8, 1993.
Service National de Recensement, République Rwandaise. "Recensement Général de la population et de l'habitat au 15 Août 1991." July 1993.
The United States
U.S. Congress (1995). Hearings on the Crises in Rwanda and Burundi. Subcommittee on Africa. Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives. April.
----(1992). Somalia and the Question of U.S. Intervention. A Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate.
U.S. National Security Council, (1994). The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations, Washington, D.C.: May.
5. Newspapers and periodicals
Africa Confidential (1994)
Africa International (1994)
CBC Radio Reports (1994)
Jeune Afrique (1994)
Libération (1994)
International Herald Tribune (1994)
Le Monde (1994)
The Times (London) (1994)
New York Times (1994)
Reuters (1994)
The Economist (1994)
Toronto Star (1994, 1995)
Washington Post (1994)